Gastroenterology is a medical specialty that deals with the digestive system and related issues, such as the alimentary canal. It requires a thorough understanding of the physiology of the gastrointestinal organs, including food motility in the stomach and intestines, digestion and absorption of nutrients, elimination of waste from the system, and the role of the liver as a digestive organ. Hepatology is the branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, prevention, analysis and treatment of infections of the liver, gallbladder, biliary system and pancreas. The future of hepatology promises to eradicate hepatitis C virus infection, but a new obstacle has emerged. Obesity and metabolic disorders and associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are displacing hepatitis C virus as the major cause of chronic liver disease in Western countries.

Bariatric surgery encompasses a wide range of procedures performed on obese patients. Long-term weight loss achieved through standard procedures is largely accomplished by altering hormone levels in the gut responsible for hunger and satiety, resulting in a new hormonal set point for weight. Infections, nutritional deficiencies, gallstones, and chronic nausea and vomiting are common side effects of weight loss. Bariatric surgery is an effective way to improve many obesity-related health problems such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, cholesterol levels and sleep apnea.

The gut microbiome consists of billions of bacteria and other microorganisms that live in the lower part of the gut along with human cells. Absorption, immune function and brain health are all supported by the gut microbiota. Our gut microbiome develops in infancy and is influenced by genetics, diet, age, stress, disease, environment, drug use and nutrition. A few factors can disrupt the "balance" of our gut, leading to inflammation, a major risk factor for physical and mental health problems.

Digestive disorders/ diseases that affect the digestive tract, also known as the gastrointestinal tract (GI). Food and drink are broken down into small parts (called nutrients) that the body can consume and use as energy and cell building blocks. The digestive tract consists of the esophagus, pharynx, large and small intestines, liver, pancreas and gallbladder.

Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Excessive alcohol consumption, a variety of health conditions, and some anesthetics can contribute to inflammation. However, the most common cause of hepatitis is a viral flu. Hepatitis is most commonly caused by a viral infection, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include autoimmune hepatitis as well as hepatitis caused by anesthetics, toxins, and alcohol. In autoimmune hepatitis, our body creates antibodies against our liver tissue.

Gastrointestinal disorders (GI) also occur at some point in pregnancy. Some women have GI problems that occur only during pregnancy. Other pregnant patients are born with chronic GI disorders that require special care during pregnancy. Understanding the predominance of the various GI disorders is critical to providing optimal care for these patients. nausea, with or without vomiting, is common in the first trimester of pregnancy. Urinary tract infections, gastroenteritis, peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, and biliary tract disease are some of the other causes of nausea in pregnancy. later in pregnancy, hydramnios, preeclampsia and the onset of physical exertion should be considered.

Liver disease (also called hepatic malady) is a liver disease or condition. Swelling of the abdomen and legs, easy bleeding, colour changes in the stool and urine, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes) are all symptoms of liver disease. There are four types of hepatitis (A, B, C and E). Biliary colic, an irregular and persistent severe pain in the epigastrium or right upper quadrant and occasionally between the shoulder blades, occurs in some patients as a result of a gallstone obstructing the cystic duct. If obstruction of the cystic duct persists, the gallbladder becomes inflamed, leading to cholecystitis, a severe exacerbation and disease of the gallbladder. Choledocholithiasis is one of the most common causes of extrahepatic bile duct obstruction, in which one or more stones in the common bile duct or main hepatic duct cause a biliary obstruction.

Pediatric gastroenterologists, hepatologists and dietitians make up the hepatology and nutrition team. The physicians and nurses are dedicated to the care of children with known or unknown gastrointestinal, liver and nutritional complications. The primary goal of the Gastroenterology Department is to provide excellent medical care to people with gastrointestinal and liver diseases. Therefore, training in gastroenterology and conducting cutting-edge biomedical research contribute to the understanding of digestive disorders. Hepatology is a medical specialty that deals with the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the liver, gallbladder, bile duct and pancreas.

The spectrum of diseases is extremely broad, with many of the underlying disorders having acute and chronic forms. Most of the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms are due to autoimmune disorders, viral infections, and toxic insults.

Gastroenterology has emerged from the forest of medical claims only in recent years. This is due to a colossal change in the field of detection and treatment. Gastroenterology has split into two branches: hepatology and "empty organ" gastroenterology. Current advances in gastroenterology include colorectal disease screening, case endoscopy, solutions for hepatitis C, and new biologic treatments.

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy [EGD]

Rectoscopy

Colonoscopy

Enteroscopy

Robotic surgery is becoming more widely used in the minimally invasive treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. A robot-assisted surgery system is used to perform robotic surgery in the field of gastrointestinal cancer. The robot in this system is not controlled automatically, but rather by the surgeon. Endoscopic surgery involves inserting a thin, flexible tube containing a video camera through a surgical instrument while viewing the organs on a computer monitor. small incision or a natural orifice such as the mouth or nostrils. The tube has a channel for the surgeon to use tiny.

Probiotics are being used to treat a wide range of medical conditions, including allergic diseases, bacterial diseases, renal illnesses and cancer, urinary tract infections, and the aversion to tooth caries/respiratory infections. Probiotics are used to treat a variety of gastrointestinal issues. Antibiotic therapy is becoming more widely used as evidence mounts that it can aid in both primary and secondary treatment techniques for gastrointestinal disease, as well as gastrointestinal complications such as bleeding and ulceration. Other supplemental medications, such as corticosteroids and anticoagulants, may exacerbate these risks.

Inflammatory bowel ailment (IBD) is a collection of inflammatory situations of the colon and small intestine. Crohn's disorder and ulcerative colitis are the important sorts of inflammatory bowel disease. It is mainly to notice that now not most effective the Crohn's ailment affects the gut; it can also affect the buccal hollow space, esophagus, stomach and the anus while ulcerative colitis mainly influences the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel diseases belong to the elegance of autoimmune diseases, in which the frame’s very own immune machine assaults factors of the gastrointestinal device.

• Ulcerative Colitis

• Abdominal Pain and Cramping

• Race or Ethnicity

• Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

• Fistulas

An endoscopy may help your doctor determine what's causing digestive signs and symptoms, like nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing and gastrointestinal bleeding. Scopes have a small camera attached to an extended, thin tube. The doctor moves it through a body passageway or opening to ascertain inside an organ. Sometimes scopes are used for surgery, like for removing polyps from the colon.

• Arthroscopy: joints

• Bronchoscopy: lungs

• Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy: large intestine

• Cystoscopy and ureteroscopy: urinary system

• Laparoscopy: abdomen or pelvis

• Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: esophagus and stomach

Patients who have esophagus are at a greater risk for developing ulcers, narrowing and cancer of the esophagus. They also have increased risk of developing a specific type of cancer: esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is affecting more and more people every year. It is the fastest rising cancer in Caucasian men in the United States. Treatment for esophagus and early esophageal cancer can be achieved through endoscopy thus saving the esophagus from major surgery. Unfortunately, in most patients the cancer is discovered at a late stage, which is why it is important to have an endoscopy to screen for the precursor lesions and have a biopsy of sample tissue.

• Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)

• Weight loss without trying

• Chest pain, pressure or burning

• Worsening indigestion or heartburn

• Coughing or hoarseness

structural diseases of the intestinal tract, are maladies that have produced multiple symptoms of pain, nausea, vomiting, bloating, diarrhea, constipation, or difficult passage of food or feces. Although structural diseases are often identified by pathologists and sometimes cured by medical technology, the nonstructural symptoms that we describe as “functional” remain enigmatic and fewer amenable to explanation or effective treatment. Often considered “problems of living,” there are physiological, intrapsychic, and sociocultural factors that amplify perception of those symptoms in order that they are experienced as severe, troublesome, or threatening, with subsequent impact on daily life activities. Those affected by such symptoms attribute them to an illness and self-treat or seek medical aid.

• Acid Reflux, Heartburn, GERD

• Dyspepsia/Indigestion

• Nausea and Vomiting

• Peptic Ulcer Disease

• Abdominal Pain Syndrome

• Belching, Bloating, Flatulence

Gastrointestinal cancer is the most common cancer in the world. It is also referred to as gastric cancer. It refers to malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract GI cancer is the most common form of cancer. The treatment of GI cancer depends on the type of cancer, its stage and how far it has spread. There are numerous types of GI cancer such as liver cancer, esophageal cancer, stomach cancer, bile duct cancer and others.

- Esophageal neoplasms

- Gastric neoplasms

- Gastrointestinal lymphoma

- Carcinoid tumors

Most colorectal cancers are adenocarcinomas. These cancers arise in cells that produce mucus that lubricates the inside of the colon and rectum. When doctors say colorectal cancer, they almost always mean this type. Some subtypes of adenocarcinoma, such as signet ring carcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma, may have a worse prognosis (outlook) than other subtypes of adenocarcinoma. The colon absorbs water and salt from food debris after it passes through the small intestine. For colorectal cancer, this usually includes a surgeon, a medical oncologist, a radiation oncologist and a gastroenterologist. A gastroenterologist is a doctor who specializes in the function and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

- Laparoscopic surgery

- Colostomy for rectal cancer

- Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) or cryoablation.

Doctors treat celiac disease with a gluten-free diet. Gluten is a protein found naturally in wheat, barley and rye that causes a reaction in celiac disease. For most people with celiac disease who follow a gluten-free diet, symptoms improve significantly. In recent years, grocery stores and restaurants have introduced more gluten-free foods and products, making it easier to eat a gluten-free diet. Celiac disease is a severe autoimmune disorder that occurs in genetically predisposed people, in which the ingestion of gluten causes damage to the small intestine. It is estimated to affect 1 in 100 people worldwide. Two and a half million Americans are undiagnosed with the disease and are at risk for long-term health complications.

- Malnutrition

- Weakening of the bones

- Infertility and miscarriages

- Lactose intolerance

- cancer

- Problems of the nervous system

Gastric stem cells represent an adult stem cell population that resides in gastric tissue and has a high proliferative potential that enables efficient regeneration and repair of the gastric epithelium. Following the extensive study of intestinal stem cells, the identity of gastric stem cells is now being explored. Compared to intestinal stem cells, gastric stem cells share many characteristics but differ in fundamental aspects regarding localization, molecular cell markers, and their specific growth niches. The mucosa in all parts of the human stomach is lined by a simple columnar epithelium that has numerous tubular invaginations in its lamina propria.

Stem cells are present in a variety of tissue types. Scientists have found stem cells in the following tissues, among others:

- Brain

- Bone marrow

- Blood and blood vessels

- skeletal muscles

- In the skin

- The liver

Hepatic (biliary) cystadenomas are rare multinodular cystic tumors of the liver that arise from the biliary epithelium and are located transcendentally in the right lobe of the liver. These tumors usually involve the hepatic parenchyma (about 85% of cases) and, less commonly, the extrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatic cystic lesions were once thought to be moderately exceptional; be that as it may, they are more regularly found the more advanced they are and the better the patient's access to cross-sectional images.

Hepatitis refers to an irritable condition of the liver. It's usually caused by a viral disease, but there are other possible causes of hepatitis. These include immune system hepatitis and hepatitis as a possible result of prescriptions, medications, toxins, and alcohol. Immune system hepatitis is an infection that occurs when your body makes antibodies against your liver tissue. The liver is located in the upper right region of the midsection. It performs many basic tasks that affect digestion in your body, including: Formation of bile, which is essential for digestion; filtering toxins from your body; excretion of bilirubin (a result of separated red blood platelets), cholesterol, hormones and medications; and breakdown of starches, fats and proteins, Activation of catalysts, which are specific proteins essential for body functions, storage of glycogen (a type of sugar), minerals and nutrients (A, D, E and K), synthesis of blood proteins, e. g. e.g. albumin, synthesis of thickening variables.

- Hepatitis A

- Hepatitis B

- Hepatitis C

- Hepatitis D

- Hepatitis E

Permanent liver damage from a number of causes that lead to scarring and liver damage. Hepatitis and constant alcohol abuse are common causes. Liver damage caused by cirrhosis cannot be repaired, but further damage can be limited.

Initially, patients may suffer from fatigue, inadequacy and weight loss. In later stages, patients may develop jaundice (yellowing of the skin), gastrointestinal death, stomach growth and confusion. Medications are based on the main cause. In severe cases, liver transplantation may be required.

Cirrhosis often has no signs or symptoms until the liver damage is extensive. When signs and symptoms do occur, they may include the following:

- Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice)

- Fluid accumulation in the abdomen (ascites)

- Spider-like blood vessels on the skin

- Redness in the palms of the hands

- In women: Absence or absence of menstrual bleeding not related to menopause